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Survey of Industrial Establishment 2000

Introduction

 

1.1 PREAMBLE

The data collection system in Cambodia, until the country switched over to a market economy around the year 1989, had a structure that mainly supported the demands of a centrally planned economy. Under the aforesaid programme, the first statistically designed sample survey, for collecting information on “industrial establishments”, was conducted by the NIS in the year 1994-95, with 1993 as the reference year; it was called the ‘Survey of Industrial Establishments in Cambodia, 1993’ (SIEC 1993). The NIS conducted the second SIEC in 1996-97, with 1995 as the reference year. Since the industrial sector in the country has been growing rather rapidly, there was a felt-need for yet another industrial survey, particularly for updating the national account statistics of the country. Accordingly, the NIS commissioned a third survey of industrial establishments with reference year 2000 (SIEC 2000) with financial assistance from the ADB.

1.2 OBJECTIVES 

The survey was conducted to gather data on establishment-based industrial activities, which will serve the purpose of providing necessary information to planners and policy makers in concerned departments of the Royal Government of Cambodia as well as input materials for national accounting of the country. Specifically, the survey aimed at generating the following information.

        1.    Total number of establishments;
        2.    Paid and unpaid employment;
        3.    Wages & Salaries;
        4.    Products sold & Revenues generated;
        5.    Costs incurred on major group of items and input materials used;
        6.    Indirect taxes & subsidies;
        7.    Value of stocks; and
        8.    Fixed assets owned and depreciation.

All items of information were generated for each of the industry groups covered in the survey, at the country level as well as for specific Provinces.

1.3 SCOPE AND COVERAGE

The SIEC 2000 is a nation wide survey covering establishments that were engaged at any time during the reference year in the following economic activities as classified under the 1990 United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities (ISIC), Revision 3:

With respect to geographical coverage, the survey covered Phnom Penh and ten other Provinces and municipalities viz. Banteay Meanchey, Battambang, Kampong Cham, Kampong Chhanang, Kampot, Kandal, Kratie, Pursat, Siem Reap, and SihanoukVille. Most Provinces excluded were the ones for which reasonable frames could not be prepared, while some others were excluded because the frame size was too small to warrant a survey.


1.4 SAMPLING FRAME

A major activity necessarily associated with any SIEC pertains to construction of a fairly reliable frame of industrial establishments. In several developing countries, while frames for surveys of large industrial units are obtained as a by product of a Statutory Act meant for regulating the large industrial sector, frames for surveying relatively smaller establishments are usually prepared through an Economic Census of enterprises and establishments. A plan to sample check as to whether the frame was sufficiently complete and comprehensive was put in place. The sample check was planned for three Provinces viz. Phnom Penh, Kandal and Kampong Chhnang. In each Province, a commune was selected randomly and from the selected commune, five ‘Census Enumeration Areas’ (EAs) were randomly selected.

Thus, the frames for various sectors, obtained as described above, were considered final. The following table, giving sector-wise frame size in the three SIECs conducted so far, shows that the present survey covered a far larger ground than ever before.

                                           Table 1.4: Number of Establishments in Sampling Frames
                                                                                In Successive Surveys

Sr. No.

Sectors

SIEC 1993

SIEC 1995

SIEC 2000

1

Mining & Quarrying

36

12

109

2

Manufacturing

3,612

782

7,246

3

Electricity, Gas & Water

89

35

190

4

Construction

-

13*

111

5

Transportation

-

13*

53

6

Trade

-

20*

18

7

Hotels & Restaurants

-

59*

167

 

Total

3,737

934

7,894

         * Number of responding units. Actual frame size was definitely higher;
but, that number has not been spelled out in SIEC 1995 Report.

1.5 SAMPLING DESIGN 

The sampling design in SIEC 2000 was stratified simple random sampling in Manufacturing and Hotels & restaurants sectors. Complete enumeration was resorted to in all other sectors viz. Mining & Quarrying, Electricity, Gas & Water Supply, Construction, Transportation, and Retail & Wholesale Trade. The stratification in manufacturing sector was done by the size of employment within each 2-digit ISIC group, Province-wise. The establishments were divided into large, medium or small groups, according as ‘total number of employees’ (TNE) in them was 100+, 10 - 99, and 1 - 9 respectively. The sampling fraction taken in the three groups were 100%, 50% & 10% respectively. The sampling design and sampling fractions have been presented in a tabular form in Table 1.5.

                                       Table 1.5: Sample Design and Sampling Fractions

Sectors

SIEC 2000

 Mining & Quarrying

100%

 Manufacturing

Stratification by Province
x 2-digit ISIC Code x  TNE

For ATWE     £ £ 10:                   10 %
For TNE 11-99:     50%
For TNE ³ 100:    100%

 Electricity, Gas & Water supply

            100%

 Construction

             100%

 Transport

             100%

 Wholesale & Retail Trade

              100%

 Hotels

Stratification by number of rooms:
70 rooms and over :   100%
31-70 rooms:                50%
Below 31 rooms:          25 %

 Restaurants

Stratification by number of Seats:
Number of seats £ 50:  25%
Number of seats ³ 51:  50

                 TNE:  “Total Number Employed”

The total sample size turned out to be 2,567, of which 1,919 were manufacturing establishments, 100 belonged to Hotel sector and 67 to the Restaurants sector. The remaining establishments in the sample belonged to other sectors, their numbers being the same as shown in Table 1.2. In contrast, the sample size in SIEC 1993 was 1937 establishments and that in SIEC 1995 merely 883 establishments.

1.6 DATA COLLECTION

The fieldwork for SIEC 2002 was conducted from late March 2002 until about the third week of June 2002. The method adopted for the fieldwork was that the questionnaires were personally delivered to the respondent establishments to be completed by the Accountant or any other responsible person such as the owner of the establishment, its manager, etc. The questionnaires were then collected 10 days from the date of their delivery to the establishments. In some cases, especially for small establishments, the enumerators had interviewed or assisted the respondents in filling up the questionnaires.

Out of 2,567 establishments in the sample list, questionnaires were sent out to 2,412 establishments. The field staff could not collect information from as many 981 (almost 41%) establishments; these were classified as ‘Not Found’ establishments. However, they had located another 74 establishments, which were not included in the sampling frame. Thus, completed returns were received from 1505 establishments.

1.7 DATA PROCESSING

All completed questionnaires were brought to the NIS Headquarters, where they were first manually scrutinised, serialised within each Province for Industry group x 2-digit ISIC code and then coded. About 10 NIS staff members were involved in this exercise. Thereafter, the information was entered in the PCs, verified and edited as per editing guidelines prepared earlier. Finally, a software specialist (a JICA Volunteer) generated tables as per the tabulation programme. Preliminary tables became available by December 2002.  These tables were reviewed before undertaking final tabulation and analyses in the first two weeks of February 2003. Several inconsistencies and unreasonable figures were detected. It became, therefore, necessary to review a number of questionnaires. The process of refining the obviously inconsistent or erroneous figures by imputation turned out to be formidable and long; it could be brought to a conclusion only in July 2003.

1.8 Data Limitations

There seem to be a number of limitations to the estimates presented in the report. First of all, even though the frames prepared were far more complete and comprehensive than the ones available in previous surveys, nevertheless these included significant number of closed units as well as duplicate units. The coverage in the frame for ‘Hotels and Restaurants’ was very inadequate.

Secondly, at the time of tabulation, an alarming number of inconsistencies were detected, many of them necessitated reviewing the questionnaires and several required re-visit to establishments. All the suspected questionnaires could not be reviewed and none of the establishment was re-visited. Thus, the estimates may be suffering from large non- sampling errors committed in recording information, over and above the usual sampling errors, which the estimates are subject to.

 

 

 

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